Environmental and Health Hazards of Pakistan's Leather Industry

Abstract

Since gaining independence, Pakistan has developed a robust leather and leather-based industry, evolving from its traditional roots. As an agriculture-dominated country with a substantial livestock population, Pakistan has leveraged this resource to build a significant leather industry. However, the leather industry is among the most polluting industries due to its water-intensive processes and extensive use of chemicals, leading to a high pollution load in the form of effluents. These effluents typically contain hazardous substances such as sulfides, chromium, synthetic tannins, biocides, detergents, dyes, and protein materials. The primary aim of this project is to highlight the environmental and health hazards associated with leather manufacturing and to examine the processes involved in the purification and management of leather waste. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the negative impacts of leather production and to suggest strategies for mitigating these effects. The research concludes that workers in the tanning industry are exposed to numerous health risks. These include serious conditions such as anthrax, respiratory and skin irritations, chronic bronchitis, contact dermatitis, chrome ulceration, tetanus, Q fever, allergies, eczema, kidney stones, irritation of the mucous membranes of the throat and nose, genetic mutations, and various forms of cancer, including lung, sino-nasal, pancreatic, bladder, and testicular cancer. Additionally, the industry poses risks of acute injuries due to slippery conditions within the workplaces. To address these issues, the project underscores the importance of implementing effective waste management and purification processes. The study explores various treatment methods to reduce the environmental footprint of the leather industry. These methods include physical, chemical, and biological treatments to detoxify and manage waste products effectively. By adopting such measures, the leather industry can mitigate its negative impact on the environment and improve the health and safety conditions for workers. The project advocates for stringent regulations and the adoption of sustainable practices within the leather industry. This includes the use of less harmful chemicals, recycling and reusing water, and investing in modern waste treatment technologies. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for comprehensive health and safety programs for workers, including regular medical check-ups, proper protective gear, and training on handling hazardous materials.